Effect of sub-lethal dosages of insecticides on honeybee behavior and physiology
نویسندگان
چکیده
Honeybee, Apis mellifera, is one of the most important pollinators in the world. Since pesticides have been used widely, honeybees are unavoidable at risk exposing to various contaminated sources of residual pesticides while they are engaging foraging activities in collecting nectar and pollens. The effects of various levels of sub-lethal dosages of insecticides on the biology, development and foraging activities of honeybee would not be direct reflected by the LD50 of the acute toxicity of insecticides. In this paper, we review available information and our preliminary studies of some commonly used insecticides, especially pyriproxyfen and imidacloprid affect the development, foraging behavior and colony conditions of honeybee under sub-lethal dosages.
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The development of insecticides requires valid risk assessment procedures to avoid causing harm to beneficial insects and especially to pollinators such as the honeybee Apis mellifera. In addition to testing according to current guidelines designed to detect bee mortality, tests are needed to determine possible sublethal effects interfering with the animal's vitality and behavioral performance....
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